Showing posts with label Language and Linguistic. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Language and Linguistic. Show all posts

How do I study consistently for hours ?

How to Study Consistently for Hours: An In-Depth Guide

Studying consistently for extended periods can feel challenging, but with the right approach, it becomes manageable and even enjoyable. Let’s explore the methods in detail:


1. Set Clear Goals

Having clarity about what you want to achieve prevents aimlessness and boosts motivation.

  • Break Down Tasks: Divide big tasks into smaller, achievable chunks. For example, instead of saying "Study biology," break it into "Learn the circulatory system" or "Revise photosynthesis."
  • Set SMART Goals:
    • Specific: Clearly define what you will study.
    • Measurable: Decide how much to complete (e.g., 2 chapters, 5 exercises).
    • Achievable: Ensure it’s realistic based on your energy and time.
    • Relevant: Focus on areas that matter (exams, weak spots).
    • Time-bound: Set a deadline for completion.

2. Create a Study Schedule

A well-structured routine builds consistency and discipline.

  • Allocate Time Slots: Assign specific times for studying, such as mornings for theory-heavy subjects and evenings for problem-solving tasks.

  • Balance Subjects: Rotate between subjects to prevent fatigue. For example:

    • Morning: Math (high concentration needed).
    • Afternoon: History (reading and memorization).
    • Evening: Science (practical or problem-based).
  • Consistency Matters: Study at the same time daily to build a habit. This trains your brain to expect focus during those hours.


3. Use the Pomodoro Technique

Breaking study time into intervals enhances focus and productivity.

  • How It Works:
    • Study for 25-50 minutes (based on your stamina).
    • Take a 5-10 minute break to relax.
    • Repeat 4-5 times, then take a longer break (15-30 minutes).
  • Why It Works:
    • Prevents mental fatigue by incorporating rest.
    • Builds momentum as you achieve small wins in each session.
  • Tools: Use apps like Focus Keeper, Pomodoro Timer, or even a simple kitchen timer.

4. Optimize Your Environment

A productive environment minimizes distractions and boosts efficiency.

  • Choose the Right Space:
    • Quiet and clutter-free areas, preferably a desk and chair (avoid studying on the bed to prevent drowsiness).
    • Well-lit spaces reduce strain on your eyes.
  • Essential Items Only: Keep only the materials you need—books, notebooks, pens, and your laptop if necessary.
  • Personalize the Space:
    • Add motivational quotes or pictures.
    • Use noise-canceling headphones or soothing background music to maintain focus.

5. Eliminate Distractions

Distractions are one of the biggest obstacles to consistent studying.

  • Digital Discipline:
    • Put your phone on silent or in another room.
    • Use apps like Forest, Stay Focusd, or Cold Turkey to block distracting websites and apps.
  • Set Boundaries: Inform family members or roommates of your study schedule to minimize interruptions.

6. Stay Hydrated and Energized

Your body needs proper fuel to keep your brain functioning at its best.

  • Stay Hydrated: Keep a bottle of water on your desk and sip regularly.
  • Healthy Snacks:
    • Eat brain-boosting foods like nuts, seeds, berries, dark chocolate, and yogurt.
    • Avoid heavy meals that cause drowsiness. Opt for smaller, frequent meals.
  • Avoid Caffeine Overload: While coffee or tea can boost alertness, don’t overdo it. Too much caffeine can lead to crashes or jitters.

7. Engage Actively with the Material

Passively reading or skimming through notes isn’t enough for effective studying.

  • Take Notes:
    • Write down key points in your own words. Use highlighters for important sections.
    • Create visual aids like mind maps, flowcharts, or diagrams.
  • Practice Retrieval:
    • Test yourself regularly. Use flashcards or write short quizzes.
    • Teaching what you’ve learned to someone else helps solidify the material.
  • Ask Questions: Think critically—Why? How? What if? This deepens your understanding.

8. Switch Study Methods

Variety keeps your mind engaged and prevents boredom.

  • Mix It Up:
    • Read textbooks, watch video tutorials, or listen to audio summaries.
    • Alternate between writing, solving problems, and group discussions.
  • Use Interactive Tools:
    • Apps like Quizlet or Anki for flashcards.
    • Online platforms like Khan Academy or YouTube for visual explanations.

9. Set Rewards for Milestones

Motivation is key to consistency, and rewards can help.

  • Small Rewards:
    • After finishing a chapter, take a 10-minute break to watch your favorite YouTube video.
    • Treat yourself to a snack or a short walk.
  • Bigger Milestones:
    • After completing a full study day, watch a movie or meet a friend.
  • Gamify Your Study:
    • Track your progress with apps like Habitica or Streaks and earn points or badges for completing goals.

10. Reflect and Adjust

Self-assessment helps you refine your study strategies over time.

  • Daily Review:
    • At the end of each day, reflect on what worked and what didn’t.
    • Adjust your goals for the next session based on your energy and productivity.
  • Track Progress:
    • Maintain a study journal or checklist to monitor what you’ve completed.

Bonus Tips for Consistent Studying:

  1. Start Small:
    • Begin with 1-2 hours of focused studying and gradually increase as your stamina improves.
  2. Visualize Success:
    • Picture yourself achieving your goals—acing an exam, completing a project, or mastering a skill.
  3. Stay Positive:
    • Accept that some days may be harder than others. Focus on progress, not perfection.


Teaching Speaking Skills

 Teaching Speaking Skills in the classroom


Teaching speaking is also the most essential for teaching language classroom. Speaking can be defined as the production of utterances. We speak our desires, feelings, ideas, opinions, like, dislike and to make good relationship with the friends, relatives and people around. Teaching speaking consists of pronunciation, stress, intonation, juncture and rhythm.

The language learners have to learn speaking skills to provide feedback, get knowledge, motivate themselves, provide coherence opportunities and to make students able to produce the language automatically.

Components of Speaking

1) Pronunciation 

  • Pronunciation is the way of producing particular sound or word in a particular way. 
  • It deals with the phonological process that refers to the components of grammar made up of the elements and principles that determines how sounds vary and pattern in a language.
  • There are two features of pronunciation, they are phonemes and supra segmental features.

2) Stress

  • Stress is relative emphasis and prominence.
  • The stress placed on the syllable within word is called word stress and lexical stress.

3) Intonation

  • The entire variation of pitch while speaking is called intonation.
  • It deals with the stress of words.

STAGES OF TEACHING SPEAKING

    Teaching speaking means the students active in speaking, they automatically get the knowledge of phonology (pronunciation, sound stress, intonation), grammar (structure, function, discourse) and vocabulary. Students learn the structure to express their ideas, opinion, feeling, thought etc.

a) Early Stage

  • This is presentation stage
  • Students learn general language functions as requesting, greeting, taking leave etc.
  • Students understand the meaning, forms, functions and the degree of formality of the language.
  • To provide focus on the accuracy of the new language item.
  • Pay attention to pronunciation, stress, intonation, fluency etc.
  • Help teacher to creating a relevant context.
  • Elicitation of the new language items.
  • Presentation of the model/sentences.
  • Helps teacher to check the student's understanding.

b) Controlled Conversation stage

  • This stage is called practice stage because the students practice speaking or remain busy in constant speech activity.
  • Students lean the structure and vocabulary.
  • Teacher can use different kind of drills as below:- 

1)      Mechanical Drills

Repetition Drills

As, Teacher : Gita is reading English.

       Student : Gita is reading English.

 

In the above two sentences student repeat the sentences stated by the teacher.

Substitution Drills

As, Teacher : Sangam is playing with me.

       Student : Sangam is playing with me.

       Teacher : writing

        Student : Sangam is writing with me.

In the above sentences student make the sentence according the teacher's structure.


2)      Meaningful Drills

     v  It removes the weakness of mechanical drills.

     v  The students control the conversation themselves and talk to each other.

     v  The students understand the situation and use relevant structure to complete the activity.

         For example;

          Teacher : I am not feeling well  today.

          Gita : You should go to the hospital.

          Sita : If I were you, I would take rest.

          Hari : You'd better go to the home.

 Here, different students give their own opinion. In this stage teacher should give the situation and students make their own ideas or opinions.


3)      Discourse Chain

 

     v  Teacher should give the students enough             opportunities to express their ideas,                     opinions, views etc

     v  Teacher gives the students a situation                   and student makes their own ideas or                   opinions about that.

 

c) Free Conversation Stage

  • This is a stage of production
  • The learners should perform independently.
  • The teacher plays the supervisor role and closely observe learners activities.
  • Teacher can provide real life situations to make the conversation.
  • The main aims of this stage is to make the learners fluent speakers in relevant to the context.
  • The teacher creates the situations in the classroom and ask students to express their view freely.
  • The students involve in pair work or group work.
  • Finally teacher provide the feedback.


-Communicative Activities for Teaching Speaking

The effective techniques of teaching speaking while language learning can be listed below:-
  • Drills
  • Role play / Simulation / play drama
  • Discourse chain
  • Debate
  • Story telling
  • Information gap activities
  • Pair / group discussion
  • Prepare speech
  • Describing pictures/charts/poster
  • Recitation 
    • Teacher told the students to recite a series of things loudly.

You could also find us on Youtube


Thank you !!

Teaching Listening Skills


            Listening skill refers to the process of receiving messages through our ears. It is given a less priority in a language classroom although, it is one of the most important language skills. There can be challenge for every language teacher while teaching listening skill in the classroom.

According to the Galvin (1985) the students have to learn listening skills for the following reasons:-

  • to exchange information
  • to engage in social rituals
  • to exert control
  • to share feelings
  • to enjoy with yourself
  • to acquire knowledge

Types of Listening

According to Doff (1995):-
a) Casual Listening
b) Focused listening

According to Harmer (2008)

a) Extensive Listening

  • It takes place in free environment
  • The learners may listen at home, in public places, cinemas and other places.
  • There is no pressure for the listener

b) Intensive Listening

  • It takes place in formal environment
  • Intensive listening refers to the detail listening for particular purpose.
  • It usually takes place in the classroom, meeting or seminars.

Principle of Teaching Listening

            The guidelines which should be taken in mind while teaching listening skill in the classroom are known as principles of listening. According to the linguistic Harmer (2008) some principles are given below:-
  • Encourage students to listen as much as possible.
  • Help students prepare to listen
  • Listening once may not be enough
  • Encourage students to respond to the content of a listening 
  • Different listening stages demand different listening task
  • Good teacher exploit listening text to the full

Listening Sub-skills

  • Recognizing phonological features of speech.
  • Understanding explicitly stated ideas and information.
  • Identifying the main points or important information in discourse.
  • Understanding relationship between the text and utterances through cohesive device.
  • Understanding relationship between the syntactic and morphological characteristics of spoken language.
  • Understanding relationship between the parts of text recognizing discourse markers.
  • Understanding the communicative functions and the value of utterances with and without explicit markers.
  • Understanding attitudinal meaning in spoken text and utterances.
  • Understanding conceptual meaning in spoken text and utterances.
  • Distinguishing the main ideas from supporting details.
  • Making notes from spoken text.
  • Transferring and transforming information in speech to diagrammatic display.

 Stages or Techniques of Teaching listening skills

Teaching listening seem boring but the teacher has to teach the listening skills interestingly and effectively if teacher has good knowledge of sub-skills, purpose, processes and authenticity of listening skill.

Pre-Listening  activity

   The activities that takes place before actual listening teaching are pre-listening activities. The teacher can conduct the following activities in this stage while teaching listening:-

  • Prepare the students to listen.
  • Motivate the students to listen.
  • Discuss to the topic.
  • Give background information of the topic.
  • Provide key vocabulary items
  • Guess the topic
  • Introduce the main theme.
  • Predict about the topic.
  • Write questions about the topic

While Listening Activity

    The activities during the listening teaching, mentioned as below:-
  • Fill in the blanks
  • Match the followings
  • Writing notes
  • Directions
  • Multiple choice item
  • Ordering the items
  • True or false items
  • Completing tables, chart and pictures
  • Short questions answer

Post listening activity

        These activities that conduct after while listening stage.

  • Share similar experiences
  • Summarize the writing
  • Reporting writing
  • Pair/group discussion on the topic
  • Writing exercises
  • Speaking on the topic
  • Retelling about the topic
 
Thank you !!
 

Language Functions and their classifications

 Language is a means of communication through which, we express our emotions, ideas, feelings, opinions, intention etc. And Language function refers to the purpose for which a particular utterance is used such function is categorized as socializing, ,making query, getting things done so on. 

language is used for socializing, making query, expressing moral and emotional attitudes, expressing intellectual attitudes, expressing modal activities, getting things done and imparting factual information. Under these functions we use language for greeting, welcoming, requesting, introducing, congratulating, seeking in formations, asking for permission, prohibiting etc.

The language functions can be listed or classified below:-

SOCIALIZING

Language use to socialize the people, functions can be listed below:-

1. Greeting  

Exponent

             Responses to the greeting

  • Hello
  • Hi
  • Hey!
  • How are you?
  • Hi, how is it going?
  • Good morning/afternoon/evening!
  • What's going on?
  • Hey! there

 

      ·      Ok, How about you?

      ·       Not bad. And you?

      ·       I'm fine, thank you

      ·       very well, thank you

      ·       Good, and you?

2. Welcoming

  •  Welcome home !
  • Welcome!
  • Welcome to the class.
  • Welcome back.
  • Welcome to Nepal !
  • Let me welcome you to our country.
  • I would like to welcome you my party.
  • We are pleased to welcome you.
  • A very very warm welcome to you!
  • I'm proud to welcome you!

 3. Taking Leave or Farewells

  • See you soon
  • Bye
  • See you
  • So long
  • See you later.
  • Good bye.
  • Have a nice day.
  • Take care
  • Take it easy.
  • Good night.
  • Happy journey.
  • See you soon
  • Let's catch up tomorrow

 

4. Congratulating

5. Expressing Good Wishes

·       Congratulations!

·       Well done.

·       Let me congratulate you on your wedding.

·       I was delighted to hear about your success.

·       May we congratulate you on this occasion?

·       I would like to say congratulations, you did a great job.

 

·       Have a good time.

·       Best of luck.

·       I wish your luck

·       Best wishes for your success

·       Good fortune with you.

·       I hope everything goes fine/perfect for you.

·       Please give my kindest regards to your improvement.

·       Give my love to your father.

·       Happy birthday!

·       Happy New Year!

·       Many happy returns of the day.

·       Happy Dashain!

6. Introducing

 

Responses to introduction

·       Pleased to meet you. I'm….

·       Nice to meet you.

·       I'm glad to meet you.

·       How do you do?

·       How are you?

·       Glad to meet you.

·       Hello

·       Hari!

·       Mr./Mrs./Miss

·       Mr. Hari!

·       Ram, I want you.

·       Sir/Madam

·       Ladies and gentlemen!

·       Yours Excellency!

·       Hey guys.

·       Dear,

·       Let me introduce Mr……..

·       I would like to introduce my friend…….

 

7. Thanking

 

Responses to thanking

·       It's ok

·       Welcome!

·       You're welcome.

·       That's all right

·       Don't mention it.

·       That's quite all right.

·       No need to thank me.

·       It was my pleasure.

·       Not at all.

·       Thank you.

·       Thank you so much

·       Thanks.

·       Many thanks

·       Thank you for joining with us.

·       That was very kind of you.

·       How can I ever thank you?

·       I really appreciate for your help.

·       How kind of you?

·       I can't thank you enough.